5. Townships: An ever-living trace of apartheid

Tambo saw townships not as mere slums but as monuments to apartheid’s cruelty. These overcrowded, under‑serviced settlements were designed to contain black life – physically and aspirationally. For Tambo, dismantling apartheid meant not just political freedom but rebuilding these spaces with dignity. Together with Nomatemba Tambo, we examine how her father’s vision for townships can inform equitable urban futures.